2013 Apr;121(4):234-8. Acta Cardiol. Zhonghua Nei Ke.Za Zhi. Antioxidant treatment with carnitines is effective in infertile patients with prostatovesiculoepididymitis and elevated seminal leukocyte concentrations after treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. Karalis DT, Karalis T, Karalis S, Kleisiari AS. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup.Physiol 1990;60(1):1-6. Caponnetto S, Canale C, Masperone MA, et al. View abstract. 1993;25(6):733-740. Insomnia; Our bodies partly metabolize carnitine into trimethylamine-N-oxide , which may promote plaque build-up in blood vessels . Fagher, B., Cederblad, G., Eriksson, M., Monti, M., Moritz, U., Nilsson-Ehle, P., and Thysell, H. L-carnitine and haemodialysis: double blind study on muscle function and metabolism and peripheral nerve function. View abstract. View abstract. Common side effects of L-Carnitine may include: stomach pain; nausea, vomiting; or diarrhea. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatry 6-1-2011;35(4):953-958. Am J Ther. Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Penn D. Carnitine and total parenteral nutrition of the neonate. l-Carnitine causes insomnia I've been taking l-Carnitine Fumarate in the evening and it's giving me serious insomnia. Rossignol, D. A. 2004;34(6):615-623. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. 2003;79(2):292-300. Levocarnitine administration in multiple sclerosis patients with immunosuppressive therapy-induced fatigue. Brass, E. P., Hoppel, C. L., and Hiatt, W. R. Effect of intravenous L-carnitine on carnitine homeostasis and fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. Sole MJ, Jeejeebhoy KN. Control of valproate-induced hepatotoxicity with carnitine. These favorable effects of l-carnitine have been evident in infants, juvenile, young, adult and aged patients of sudden and chronic heart failure as well. Bellinghieri G, Savica V, Barbera CM, Ricciardi B, Egitto M, Torre F, Valentini G, D'Iddio S, Bagiella E, Mallamace A, et al. Case report]. Scand.J Clin Lab Invest 1985;45(2):179-184. 2010;66(2):127-136. Szymanski M, Wandtke T, Wasilow K, Andryszczyk M, Janicki R, Domaracki P. Comparison of 3- and 6-Month Outcomes of Combined Oral L-Carnitine Fumarate and Acetyl-L-Carnitine Therapy, Included in an Antioxidant Formulation, in Patients with Idiopathic Infertility. Caruso U, Leone L Cravotto E Nava D. Effects of L-carnitine on anemia in aged hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin: A pilot study. Adefovir dipivoxil. Bohles H, Noppeney T, Akcetin Z, and et al. Abbasnezhad A, Hasanavand A, Falahi E, Kashkooli S, Asbaghi O, Choghakhori R. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles of patients with liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Additionally, carnitine may worsen symptoms of hypothyroidism. 2019;14(6):504-514. View abstract. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Rausch CR, Paul S, Marx KR, et al. View abstract. Horm.Metab Res. 2007;41(3):224-230. J Int.Soc.Sports Nutr. In one study, 2 grams of L-carnitine reduced fatigue and increased muscle function in older adults. J Inherit.Metab Dis 11-19-2010; View abstract. Taking L-carnitine with thyroid hormone might decrease the effectiveness of the thyroid hormone. Hart AM, Wilson AD, Montovani C, et al. View abstract. Beneficial effects of L-carnitine in myoblastic C2C12 cells. View abstract. BMC.Neurol. It can also cause a "fishy" odor of the urine, breath, and sweat. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. 1-1-2010;84(1):52-58. Karl M, Rubenstein M, Rudnick C, Brejda J. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. Arq Bras.Endocrinol.Metabol. Bloomer, R. J., Tschume, L. C., and Smith, W. A. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects. View abstract. Marconi C, Sassi G, Carpinelli A, Cerretelli P. Effects of L-carnitine loading on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of endurance athletes. Acta Neurol.Scand. The early effects of intravenous L-propionyl carnitine on ulcerative trophic lesions of the lower limbs in arteriopathic patients: a controlled randomized study. Of the different forms, acetyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine are the most popular and seem to be most effective. L-Carnitine: Jim Stoppani Explains The Benefits of Carnitine Vivekanandan, S. and Nayak, S. D. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy enhanced by topiramate and phenobarbitone: a case report and an update. View abstract. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021;46:54-59. View abstract. Gynecol.Oncol 2012;124(3):417-425. Ma, S. J., Cai, W. W., and Sheng, J. Jpn J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;20(3):607-618. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42:1101-4. 2007;25(2):182-188. Anon. View abstract. Clin Auton.Res 2000;10(1):13-16. View abstract. Sulkers, E. J., Lafeber, H. N., Degenhart, H. J., Przyrembel, H., Schlotzer, E., and Sauer, P. J. J Endocrinol.Invest 2011;34(4):287-291. Some side effects may not be reported. Effects of wuzi yanzong liquids combing with L-carnitine on oligospermia and asthenospermia. J Pediatr 1981;98(6):976-978. It can also cause a "fishy" odor of the urine, breath, and sweat. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1992;12(3):149-157. View abstract. View abstract. Pediatr.Hematol.Oncol. Chinese J.Clin.Healthcare 2008;11(5):478-480. Exp.Diabetes Res. View abstract. Int.J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2008;18(1):19-36. While it may aid in weight loss for obese individuals or older adults, a thorough diet and exercise regimen must be in place first. View abstract. View abstract. Pregnancy-related changes of carnitine and acylcarnitine concentrations of plasma and erythrocytes. Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. View abstract. J Infect Dis 1997;176:406-13. Serban MC, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Tentative evidence suggests L-carnitine supplements might increase your risk of atherosclerosis. View abstract. View abstract. l-Carnitine causes insomnia : r/Supplements - reddit View abstract. Clin Rheumatol. Spiekerkoetter, U., Lindner, M., Santer, R., Grotzke, M., Baumgartner, M. R., Boehles, H., Das, A., Haase, C., Hennermann, J. 2020;52(2):e13470. Tanphaichitr N. In vitro stimulation of human sperm motility by acetylcarnitine. Thal LJ, Calvani M, Amato A, et al. View abstract. View abstract. Remington, R., Chan, A., Paskavitz, J., and Shea, T. B. Efficacy of a vitamin/nutriceutical formulation for moderate-stage to later-stage Alzheimer's disease: a placebo-controlled pilot study. The effect of L-carnitine supplement on dialysis patients [abstract]. De Ritis G, Picardo S, Brancadoro D, and et al. Liu, S., Wu, H. J., Zhang, Z. Q., Chen, Q., Liu, B., Wu, J. P., and Zhu, L. L-carnitine ameliorates cancer cachexia in mice by regulating the expression and activity of carnitine palmityl transferase. Klin.Wochenschr 12-15-1988;66(24):1202-1211. Brand names: Carnitor, L-Carnitine Rossini, M., Di, Munno O., Valentini, G., Bianchi, G., Biasi, G., Cacace, E., Malesci, D., La, Montagna G., Viapiana, O., and Adami, S. Double-blind, multicenter trial comparing acetyl l-carnitine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients. nausea or vomiting Less common Abdominal discomfort body odor depression dizziness impaired vision loss of appetite or weight swelling in hands, lower legs, and feet tingling sensation weakness For Healthcare Professionals Applies to levocarnitine: injectable solution, oral capsule, oral solution, oral tablet. Jpn Heart J 1995;36(3):319-331. J Trop.Pediatr. Cardiovasc.Drugs Ther 2012;26(5):401-408. 2003;23(5):270-277. View abstract. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. View abstract. Georges B, Galland S, Rigault C, et al. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Martinotti, G., Andreoli, S., Reina, D., Di, Nicola M., Ortolani, I., Tedeschi, D., Fanella, F., Pozzi, G., Iannoni, E., D'Iddio, S., and Prof, L. J. Acetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjects. L-carnitine may help increase mitochondrial function, which plays a key role in disease and healthy aging (19, 20, 21). Miyagawa T, Kawamura H, Obuchi M, Ikesaki A, Ozaki A, Tokunaga K, Inoue Y, Honda M. Effects of oral L-carnitine administration in narcolepsy patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over and placebo-controlled trial. Mar.Drugs 2009;7(1):57-70. L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy: Current perspectives. Kolker, S., Christensen, E., Leonard, J. V., Greenberg, C. R., Burlina, A. This review describes the mechanism of action, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine. View abstract. View abstract. 2012;4:CD006282. Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1033:42-51. Andrologia 2019;51(6):e13267. View abstract. A., and Loprinzi, C. L. A critical review of complementary therapies for cancer-related fatigue. View abstract. 2007;16(3):168-172. Elmslie, J. L., Porter, R. J., Joyce, P. R., Hunt, P. J., and Mann, J. I. Carnitine does not improve weight loss outcomes in valproate-treated bipolar patients consuming an energy-restricted, low-fat diet. 2007;8(4):241-250. 2009;37(4):622-631. View abstract. View abstract. Srivastava DK, Kumar S Misra AP. Effects of L- and DL-carnitine on patients with impaired exercise tolerance. View abstract. Sandor, A., Pecsuvac, K., Kerner, J., and Alkonyi, I. 2007;52(6):1768-1774. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Dragan, I. G., Vasiliu, A., Georgescu, E., and Eremia, N. Studies concerning chronic and acute effects of L-carnitina in elite athletes. Fernandez, C. and Proto, C. [L-carnitine in the treatment of chronic myocardial ischemia. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32(2):265-272. View abstract. If you have one of these conditions, a supplement may be beneficial (1, 66, 67). Liang, W. C., Ohkuma, A., Hayashi, Y. K., Lopez, L. C., Hirano, M., Nonaka, I., Noguchi, S., Chen, L. H., Jong, Y. J., and Nishino, I. ETFDH mutations, CoQ10 levels, and respiratory chain activities in patients with riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Ann.Hum.Genet. Effect of acute administration of L-acetyl carnitine on cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic cerebral infarct. Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on weight loss and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled clinical trials with dose-response analysis. View abstract. Medicine (Baltimore). There have been a few studies on acetyl-L-carnitine's use as a treatment. Dig.Dis Sci 2008;53(11):3018-3025. Boneh, A., Beauchamp, M., Humphrey, M., Watkins, J., Peters, H., and Yaplito-Lee, J. Ann Neurol 1994;36:680-1. Optom.Vis.Sci 2011;88(12):1439-1444. Your metabolism determines how many calories you burn each day. Nephron 1990;55(1):28-32. Signorelli, S. S., Fatuzzo, P., Rapisarda, F., Neri, S., Ferrante, M., Oliveri, Conti G., Fallico, R., Di, Pino L., Pennisi, G., Celotta, G., and Anzaldi, M. Propionyl-L-carnitine therapy: effects on endothelin-1 and homocysteine levels in patients with peripheral arterial disease and end-stage renal disease. 2007;2007:72741. Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, Smith JD, DiDonato JA, Chen J, Li H, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Warrier M, Brown JM, Krauss RM, Tang WH, Bushman FD, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Bartels GL, Remme WJ, Holwerda KJ, Kruijssen DA. Clin Ter 3-31-1990;132(6 Suppl):479-510. Note: This document contains side effect information about levocarnitine. Wang DD, Wang TY, Yang Y, He SM, Wang YM. Loumbakis P, Anezinis P, Evangeliou A, and et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. View abstract. View abstract. Prolonged oral L-carnitine substitution increases bicycle ergometer performance in patients with severe, ischemically induced cardiac insufficiency. View abstract. A., Iezhitsa, I. N., Kravchenko, M. S., Pisarev, V. B., and Snigur, G. L. Effects of L-, D-, and DL-carnitine on morphometric parameters of skeletal muscle and exercise performance of laboratory animals receiving carnitine-deficient diet. View abstract. Pesce, V., Fracasso, F., Cassano, P., Lezza, A. M., Cantatore, P., and Gadaleta, M. N. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation to old rats partially reverts the age-related mitochondrial decay of soleus muscle by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. 2007;26(12):967-969. Reprod.Biomed.Online. Kobulia B, Chapichadze Z Andriadze G Machavariani P. Effects of carnitine on 6-month incidence of mortality and heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc. Derosa, G., Maffioli, P., Ferrari, I., D'Angelo, A., Fogari, E., Palumbo, I., Randazzo, S., and Cicero, A. F. Orlistat and L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients. View abstract. View abstract. Shojaei, M., Djalali, M., Khatami, M., Siassi, F., and Eshraghian, M. Effects of carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on lipid profile and serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in maintenance hemodialysis patients on statin therapy. Gonzalez-Ortiz, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, S. O., Hernandez-Salazar, E., and Martinez-Abundis, E. Effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. 1999;12(1):38-40. Nutr J. Cardiovasc.Drugs Ther 2009;23(4):301-306. Am.J Kidney Dis 2007;50(5):803-812. 2008;46(2):181-190. Jpn Heart J 1984;25(4):587-597. Berthillier G, Eichenberger D, Carrier HN, et al. Int.J Dev.Neurosci. Report of one case]. View abstract. . 10-21-2011;17(39):4414-4420. Herrmann, W. M., Dietrich, B., and Hiersemenzel, R. Pharmaco-electroencephalographic and clinical effects of the cholinergic substance--acetyl-L-carnitine--in patients with organic brain syndrome. View abstract. de Lira-Garcia, C., Souto-Gallardo, M., Bacardi-Gascon, M., and Jimenez-Cruz, A. Crill, C. M., Storm, M. C., Christensen, M. L., Hankins, C. T., Bruce, Jenkins M., and Helms, R. A. Carnitine supplementation in premature neonates: effect on plasma and red blood cell total carnitine concentrations, nutrition parameters and morbidity. Eur Heart J 1996;17:414-20. Plasma carnitine deficiency: Clinical observations in 51 pediatric patients. Am J Clin Nutr. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. Relative carnitine deficiency in autism. Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., and Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on acute valproate intoxication. Pediatr.Neurol. Lancet 10-14-1978;2(8094):805-807. More research is needed to confirm the benefits of L-carnitine in a younger, more active population. Hepatol. View abstract. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on the quality of life in diabetic patients with muscle cramps. De Simone, C., Tzantzoglou, S., Famularo, G., Moretti, S., Paoletti, F., Vullo, V., and Delia, S. High dose L-carnitine improves immunologic and metabolic parameters in AIDS patients. Pollard, L. M., Williams, N. R., Espinoza, L., Wood, T. C., Spector, E. B., Schroer, R. J., and Holden, K. R. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes of late-onset (type III) multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Feillet, F., Ogier, H., Cheillan, D., Aquaviva, C., Labarthe, F., Baruteau, J., Chabrol, B., de, Lonlay P., Valayanopoulos, V., Garnotel, R., Dobbelaere, D., Briand, G., Jeannesson, E., Vassault, A., and Vianey-Saban, C. [Medium-chain acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency: French consensus for neonatal screening, diagnosis, and management]. Acta Med Scand 1982;212(3):115-120. View abstract. Agarwal A, Sengupta P, Durairajanayagam D. Role of L-carnitine in female infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;180:148-52. View abstract. Improved pallesthetic sensitivity of pudendal nerve in impotent diabetic patients treated with acetyl-L-carnitine. Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Klersy C, Edda C, Maddalena P, Luciano S, Paola C, Emanuela C, Claudia S, Donini LM. J Child Neurol 1991;6:7-14. The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The effects of anti-anxiety and depression therapy on life quality of patient with coronary heart disease. Molfino, A., Cascino, A., Conte, C., Ramaccini, C., Rossi, Fanelli F., and Laviano, A. Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. View abstract. Changes in physical performance of untrained volunteers: effects of L-carnitine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1988;8(5):367-376. Lancet 10-11-1980;2(8198):763-764. Diabetologia 1995;38(1):123. Neurology 1996;47:705-11. 2007;18(8):533-540. Rizzon, P., Biasco, G., Di Biase, M., Boscia, F., Rizzo, U., Minafra, F., Bortone, A., Siliprandi, N., Procopio, A., Bagiella, E., and . Effect of L-carnitine in patients with asthenospermia. Asymptomatic hyperammonemia in children treated with valproic acid. Opala G, Winter S, Vance C, et al. A multicenter study of nutraceutical drinks for cholesterol (evaluating effectiveness and tolerability). View abstract. Long-term treatment with L-carnitine in uremic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: effects on the lipid pattern. 2006;35(3):349-357. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2008;31(4):503-507. View abstract. L-carnitine supplements can incur side effects similar to those of most dietary supplements and medications. Carnitine is also synthesized endogenously in the liver . Evans, J. D., Jacobs, T. F., and Evans, E. W. Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Effect de la L-carnitine chez les patients en hemodialyse chronique traite e par erythropoietine recombinante [abstract]. Acta Diabetol. Enhancement of activities relative to fatty acid oxidation in the liver of rats depleted of L-carnitine by D-carnitine and a gamma- butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitor. Zwickler, T., Lindner, M., Aydin, H. I., Baumgartner, M. R., Bodamer, O. Heller, W., Musil, H. E., Gaebel, G., Hempel, V., Krug, W., and Kohn, H. J. Acenocoumarol is used to slow blood clotting. Wadman, R. I., Bosboom, W. M., van der Pol, W. L., van den Berg, L. H., Wokke, J. H., Iannaccone, S. T., and Vrancken, A. F. Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III. Nutrients 2021;13(10):3432. View abstract. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. 2-15-1981;96(3):263-270. View abstract. View abstract. Cavallini G, Biagiotti G, Koverech A, Vitali G. Oral propionyl-l-carnitine and intraplaque verapamil in the therapy of advanced and resistant Peyronie's disease. Mol.Genet.Metab 2008;94(3):287-291. Pediatr.Endocrinol.Diabetes Metab 2010;16(2):78-81. Improved excercise tolerance after administration of carnitine. View abstract. View abstract. Turk.J Pediatr 1998;40(1):79-84. View abstract. View abstract. Bohles H, Sewell AC, Wenzel D. The effect of carnitine supplementation in valproate-induced hyperammonaemia. Some research suggests that L-carnitine may help prevent or reduce symptoms of an overactive thyroid, such as insomnia, nervousness, heart palpitations, and tremors. There are few negative side effects from this supplement at reasonable doses. L-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot study. Some studies demonstrate a potential for reducing blood pressure and the inflammatory process associated with heart disease (23, 39). Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in patients receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Demeyere, R., Lormans, P., Weidler, B., Minten, J., Van Aken, H., and Flameng, W. Cardioprotective effects of carnitine in extensive aortocoronary bypass grafting: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 1999;2(2):65-73. View abstract. Comparative study of bioactive constituents in crude and processed Glycyrrhizae radix and their respective metabolic profiles in gastrointestinal tract in vitro by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS analyses. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of glutaric aciduria type I in Zhejiang Province, China. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2000;10(2):199-207. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1992;18(2):69-80. View abstract. View abstract. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19188. Nutr J 2012;11:52. Carroll, J. K., Kohli, S., Mustian, K. M., Roscoe, J. Shahidi M, Hashemi SR, Fattahi N, et al. 2006;12(6):704-714. Novak M. Carnitine supplementation in soy-based formula-fed infants. Last updated on Aug 31, 2022. View abstract. Tumori 2005;91(2):135-138. Zhang, Y., Song, J. Q., Liu, P., Yan, R., Dong, J. H., Yang, Y. L., Wang, L. F., Jiang, Y. W., Zhang, Y. H., Qin, J., and Wu, X. R. [Clinical studies on fifty-seven Chinese patients with combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocysteinemia]. Katiyar, A. and Aaron, C. Case files of the Children's Hospital of Michigan Regional Poison Control Center: the use of carnitine for the management of acute valproic acid toxicity. Some dosage forms listed on this page may not apply to the brand name L-Carnitine. View abstract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;31(7):878-84. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001368. Vitali, G., Parente, R., and Melotti, C. Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results. Bonilla, Guerrero R., Wolfe, L. A., Payne, N., Tortorelli, S., Matern, D., Rinaldo, P., Gavrilov, D., Melan, M., He, M., Steinberg, S. J., Raymond, G. V., Vockley, J., and Gibson, K. M. Essential fatty acid profiling for routine nutritional assessment unmasks adrenoleukodystrophy in an infant with isovaleric acidaemia. View abstract. Curr Drug Targets. View abstract. 2014 Jun;27(3):317-29.
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