The 22,000 square foot exhibit in Rivercenter Mall will feature some 250 of the world's most important Alamo artifacts. In addition, there are references to Tejano spies in the Mexican service, although no names are mentioned and the exact number cannot be determined. Gray recorded the effect of the news of the Alamos fall and the Mexican advance had on the delegates gathered at Washington, writing on March 17, 1836, that The members are now disappearing in all directions. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. An even more detailed version of the execution scenario appeared two months later. Nevertheless, the towns population did suffer want and privation during the Mexican armys stay, and their material losses in buildings and gardens destroyed and damaged left many Tejanos who stayed as much victims of the war as those Texians who fled the fighting during the Runaway Scrape. [5]Jenkins, ed.,PTR, Sam Houston to Phillip Dimmit, Head Quarters (Gonzales), March 12, 1836, 5:5758. [4]Jenkins, ed.,PTR: Barsena et al Deposition, Gonzales, March 11, 1836, 5:4546; E. N. Gray to Unknow Recipient, Gonzales, March 11, 1836, 5;4849; Sam Houston to Convention, March 11, 1836, [report not included], 5:51; Sam Houston to James W. Fannin, Gonzales, March 11, 1836, 5253; Sam Houston to James W. Fannin, Gonzales, March 11, 1836, 5:5354. (AP Photo/Harry Cabluck), A ship navigates the Houston Ship Channel behind the San Jacinto Monument. The DetroitDemocratic Free Presspublished the Dolson Letter on September 19, 1836. The Mexican General is shown in the uniform of a private soldier. The grieving man vowed to his relatives in Nashville, Tennessee, that The blood of a Goodrich has already crimsoned the soil of Texas and another victim shall be added to the list or I [will] see Texas free and Independent. Goodrich left Washington two days later to join up the army once the Convention broke up. That interest continues with the search for answers to what happened at the Alamo still going on today. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. Tennesseans Who Died at the Alamo Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. By now, editors had dismissed the notion that Travis had killed himself, although they contended that Cos had mangled Travis face with his sword when he was shown the Texian commanders body. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Battle of San Jacinto: April 1836 From March to May, Mexican forces once again occupied the Alamo. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. Luciano (Jos Sebastin) Pacheco had been sent by Segun to retrieve a trunk of personal belongings at the time the Mexican advance was arriving and was unable to make his way into the fort. Tennesseans Who Died at the Alamo and the Union County Connection to the Bloody Event According to a 1967 writing by Louise Davis of the Daughters of the Republic It has a brass strip on the 14-inch blade and four six-pointed stars on the hand guard. It is estimated that 1,500 Mexicans died during the fighting. 188 memorials Page of 10 Juan Abamillo unknown 6 Mar 1836 The Alamo San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA Robert Allen unknown 6 Mar 1836 The Alamo San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA Mills DeForrest Andross 1804 6 Mar 1836 The Alamo San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Juan Segun was a prominent military figure of the Texas Revolution and Republic of Texas. Survivors who had been sent back to their homes told relatives and neighbors about their experiences. Based on the content of theBee, theSunsarticle repeated details about the battle that had previously been noted by Houston, Goodrich, and Joe through Gray. Texas remained independent for nearly 10 years, becoming a state in 1845. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston, commander of the Texas Army, led 800 troops in a surprise attack on Santa Anna's 1,600 men. How many Mexicans died at the Alamo? - Answers That afternoon, General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna wrote the first official report of the battle and forwarded it to Mexico City. Years later, it was discovered by the Maverick Family and later given to the Alamo. The siege and the final assault on the Alamo in 1836 constitute the most celebrated military engagement in Texas history. Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. The problem is a particularly difficult one in the case of Tejanos, whose presence was even dismissed in some sources, as for instance William Barret Traviss letter of March 3 to the president of the Convention of 1836, in which Travis stated that the citizens of San Antonio were all enemies, except for the ones who entered the Alamo with the Texians, and that there were only three Mexicans in the fort with him. How do you identify neurotypical disorders? How many Texans died in the Battle of the Alamo? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. For instance, if Jos Mara Rodrguez and his family were staying at a ranch close enough for him to have seen the flashes and heard the reports of guns, he certainly could not have observed General Urrea marching by on his way to attack James Walker Fannins command at Goliad. Back and forth across the long line, Houston rode his white stallion Saracen. Which battles came before the Texans defeat at the Alamo? On the morning of March 6, 1836, General Santa Anna recaptured the Alamo, ending the 13-day siege. Eight Texans were killed; a couple of dozen were wounded. Remember the Alamo! Concepcin Losoya, defender Jos Toribio Losoyas mother, was accompanied into the Alamo by her daughter Juana Losoya Melton, who had married defender Eliel Melton, and son Juan. Santa Annas Mexican army killed virtually all of the roughly 200 Texans (or Texians) defending the Alamo, including their leaders, Colonels William B. Travis and James Bowie, and the legendary frontiersman Davy Crockett. Two other Alamo Tejanos were involved in outside assignments that prevented their participation in the defense. According to Juan Almonte, one of Antonio Lpez de Santa Annas officers, there indeed was a Mexican soldier prisoner who survived the final assault. "Measured purely by its subsequent historical impact, the Battle of San Jacinto was one of the most pivotal in history," historian James Haley has observed. When it finally ended, 630 Mexican soldiers were dead and some 730 had been taken prisoner. According to Enrique Esparza, Santa Anna declared a three-day armistice after the first week of the siege. [3], Word of the battle reached the outside five days later on March 11, when two ranchers, Anselmo Bergara and Andrew Bargana, arrived at Gonzales. Also entering the Alamo on the first day were Carlos Espalier, Gregorio (Jos Mara) Esparza, and Brgido Guerrero, the latter a Mexican army deserter who, like Espalier, appears to have been among James Bowies men rather than part of Seguns command. Santa Annas Mexican army killed virtually all of the roughly 200 Texans (or Texians) defending the Alamo, including their leaders, Colonels William B. Travis and James Bowie, and the legendary frontiersman Davy Crockett. How many Texans died in the Alamo? - Answers Who was the last Texan alive at the Alamo? the Texas Army won the battle at San Jacinto in 18 minutes and secured Texas independence from Mexico. How many people died at the Alamo Mexicans-Texans? He organized a company that was the rear guard of Sam Houston's army and was the only Tejano cavalry unit to fight at the Battle of San Jacinto. Enraged that these men had been captured and not killed, Santa Anna ordered Crockett and the other five men put to death, an order which his junior officers immediately carried out. Among the list of those present, he referred to the political chief, and because he mentioned Msquiz immediately after, some writers have assumed that Msquiz (who had served in the office previously) was the political chief. William F. Gray, a land agent from Virginia watching the proceedings, recorded in his diary that a Mr. Ainsworth arrived from Columbia with the news. Can someone hack my PC through online games? This dagger is said to have belonged to a Mexican soldier and was found on the battlefield at San Jacinto by the man in the picture named J. Stevens. Of the Texians who fought during the battle, only two survived: Traviss slave, Joe, was assumed by the Mexican soldiers to be a noncombatant, and Brigido Guerrero, who had deserted from the Mexican Army several months before, convinced the Mexican soldiers that he had been taken prisoner by the Texians. Battle of the Alamo - HISTORY Furthermore, the brave defense of the Alamo caused many more rebels to join the Texan army. Of the official list of 189 Texan defenders, all were killed. Tennesseans Who Died at the Alamo and the Union County Connection to the Bloody Event According to a 1967 writing by Louise Davis of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, 32 Tennesseans died at the Alamo, which was the largest number of any state that participated in the Seige of the Alamo. We regret to say that Col. David Crockett and his companion Mr. Benton, also the gallant Col. Benham of South Carolina, were of the number who cried for quarter, but were told there was no mercy for them. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". So, too, was Brgido Guerrero, the Mexican army deserter who had joined Bowies party. A careful reading of both the June 9, 1836Commonwealtharticle and Dolsons July 19, 1836 letter reveals that the authors motive was to prove that Santa Anna was a cold-blo0ded murderer, and worthy only of the sympathy of cowards and the scorn of great men. The execution scene as described contrasted Santa Annas brutality with Castrillon chivalry. Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. Francisco Esparza, Gregorios brother, testified in 1859 that he had been part of San Antonios presidio company in the fall of 1835 but had been allowed to remain in San Antonio after Gen. Martn Perfecto de Coss surrender. WebList of all those men who died defending the Alamo in 1836. beauty and history of the Alamo by supporting us with your donations. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. mTNA6YTM#b8Z^0JPu>Pe8Do;- ?U?|]8=})bMh[;il/F The Washington Standard / March 2, 2023. Tejanos, of course, made up San Antonios leadership and were present during the siege and fall. Historians believe that approximately 600 Mexican soldiers died at the battle, bringing the 188 cemeteries found in will be saved to your photo volunteer list. [2]Todd Hansen, ed., Robert McAlpin Williamson, letter, March 1, 1836,The Alamo Reader(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stakepole Books, 2003), 601; Jenkins, ed.,PTR4:485. 18-minute battle that changed Texas forever Jess F. de la Teja, ed., A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Segun (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2002). Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. [6]On March 15, Houston further informed Collinsworth that the lady of Lieutenant Dickinson, who fell at the Alamo, had arrived, and confirms the fall of that place, and the circumstances, pretty much as my express detailed them. Angelina Dickinson did not arrive alone: She returned in company with two negroes one the servant of Colonel Travis, the other a servant of Colonel Almonte. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In early interviews, Enrique Esparza claimed that she was not there but subsequently stated that, although he did not see her, he could not disprove her claim. The public receives news almost instantly. Houstons letter to the Convention appears not to exist. It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. Battle of the Alamo The Battle of the Alamo was a battle fought between Mexicans and Texans. Some controversy and debate has surrounded the exact number and their identity, but most were wives, children, servants and slaves whom the Alamos defenders had brought with them into the mission for safety after Santa Annas troops occupied San Antonio. Antonio Menchaca may also have taken advantage of the cease-fire, but he declared in his memoirs forty years later that at the start of the siege Bowie and Segun encouraged him to take his family and leave, as he was a marked man. Gen. Vicente Filisola identified Menchaca as an officer in the presidio guard. He's the author of six books, including Hometown Texas, a collection of his weekly "Native Texan" columns; Hurricane Season: The Unforgettable Story of the Houston Astros and the Resilience of a City; and Sutherland Springs: God, Guns and a Small Texas Town, published in 2020 and recipient of the 2021 Carr P. Collins Award, presented by the Texas Institute of Letters in recognition of the year's best work of nonfiction. This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. Ana Salazar de Esparza, wife of Gregorio, had with her their three sons, including Enrique, who grew up to provide substantial interviews on the battle in his old age, and their stepdaughter Mara de Jess Castro Salazar. In the absence of extant battle muster rolls and casualty lists, historians have had to rely on a wide variety of sources to arrive at some idea of a total number of defenders. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. At least a dozen soldiers survived the siege as couriers. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/tejanos-and-the-siege-and-battle-of-the-alamo. shrutiagrawal1798 The Alamo siege has resulted in the death of approximately 200 southern volunteers. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. How many people died at the Alamo Mexicans-Texans? The main points conveyed in Dolsons letters were that Crockett was brave, Castrillon was noble, and Santa Anna was a monster. A second Treaty of Velasco between officials of the Republic of Texas and Santa Anna allowed the defeated general to return to Mexico to secure his governments acceptance of the first treaty. As the line of men surged across the plain, three scraggly fifers played the only tune all three knew, a risque barroom ballad called "Will You Come to the Bower?" Lieutenant Menchaca may well have been one of two locals who, according to Almonte, entered the Mexican camp on February 22, the day before the armys arrival in San Antonio. Alexa, How many texans died in the battle of the alamo? | Alexa As is the case with regard to the Texians at the Alamo, it is impossible to give an exact number of Tejano defenders. Later that afternoon, copies of Houstons letters dated March 11 and March 13 also arrived bringing the sad intelligence. Gray noted that delegates Jos Francisco Ruiz and Jos Antonio Navarro also received a letter from Gonzalez written by Juan Segun that contained the same news. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. He stood there, in disgust and despair, until he was cut down by a rebel soldier, a soldier no doubt howling and shouting "Remember Goliad! Handbook of Texas Online, 8 Who ordered no prisoners taken from the Alamo? [1]John H. Jenkins, ed., Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna to Jos Mara Tornel, March 6, 1836,Papers of the Texas Revolution(10 vols. This assertion contradicts Santa Annas own communications with Gen. Jos de Urrea, in which he made clear that Americans in arms against Mexico should be treated as pirates, as should Mexicans who joined with them. Some Tejanos also participated in the events of the siege and final assault as loyalistseither as government officials or members of the Mexican military. Dolsons accounts, which he said were based on the eyewitness report of Colonel Juan Almonte, bolstered the case for Santa Annas continued captivity if not death for his crimes. The public treaty provided for a cease-fire; repatriation of prisoners, including Santa Anna; restoration of Texas property taken by Mexico; and safe conduct for the Mexican armies as they withdrew beyond the Rio Grande. Mr. The soldiers who worked through the night to erect flimsy barricades of trunks, baggage and packsaddles also were exhausted, and the Mexicans had failed to set pickets out. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In addition, a number of Tejanos appear in the records as civilian observers of the battle. According to him, he survived the battle by hiding and waiting to be discovered, at which time he claimed to have been a prisoner of the Texians. Legacy of the Alamo From March to May, Mexican How many Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo? Sage-Answer Some 600 Mexican soldiers died in the battle, compared to roughly 200 rebellious Texans. Within 200 yards of the Mexican camp, the Texans began to fire. Although her relationship to the Esparzas is not entirely clear, Petra Gonzales was also part of the Esparza party. [12]Gray,Diary of Col. Wm. Alamo, Battle of the =dE/i'6a{G MfD[XWn z&zJ`PNi&!Ooe(\ 0lydcku1\11jmT5:O>h^Ny j`C";-6a._yqbwF+YwCtD_2(eeb[K^& x}nYi;mo4@koV/jW6h_9h:h2+@RE''K" Ga8J:(QpTqQWl> $n,,5 aVP| ;Sv"T.Ueq~mNK4&FN'6HGoGf`6/." A letter from Galveston dated June 9, 1836, submitted by an unnamed correspondent for theNew York Courier and Enquirerreported that General Manuel Fernndez Castrilln had found six men alive at the end of the battle, one of whom was David Crockett. The balance of Seguns men who entered the fort with him on February 23 constitute a controversial part of the Alamo story. F. Gray, (Houston: Gray, Dillaye & Co., Printers, 1909; Houston: Fletcher Young Publishing Cp., 1965), 131. In fact, the vast majority of survivors of the final assault in the early morning hours of March 6, 1836, were Tejanos. Of the official list of 189 Texan defenders, all were killed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The painting has been displayed in the Texas Capitol since February 1891. Which colour is the best colour in iPhone? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Jenkins mentioned the letters existence but did not provide a copy of it. You can always change this later in your Account settings. Waking from an opiated nap, Houston raised up on one elbow and greeted Santa Anna courteously. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Search above to list available cemeteries. How many Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo? Sage-Advices News crews rush to interview distraught survivors even before these people have had a chance to collect their thoughts. Did any men survive the battle of the Alamo? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Houston attacked during the Mexican Army's siesta. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". A few of the survivors later gave chilling eyewitness accounts of the battle. How many Texans are believed to have died at the Alamo? (Wednesday December 5, 2007.) Matas Curvier left with Segun. This included James Bowie, William Travis and Davy Crockett. Paul D. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History, 18351836 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992). Eight Texans were killed; a couple of dozen were wounded. "Pleasantly teased by their hits of opium," historian Long writes, "the Anglo-Saxon chieftain and the Hispanic caudillo set up the continental chessboard in positions that would still be playing out a century and a half later.". It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. Tejanos and the Siege and Battle of the Alamo, Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. corporation. An example of this type of exchange is an article which appeared in theNew York Sunon April 12, 1836. Two hundred yards from Santa Anna's barricades, they realized their foe was unaware. Please ensure you have given Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings. When word leaked out that Santa Anna was to be set free, anger and dismay grew. Pleading "Me no Alamo," Mexican soldiers clutched at Texan ankles and begged to surrender, to no avail. Perhaps the most controversial survivor was Andrea Castaon Villanueva, commonly referred to as Madame Candalaria. He was unable to reach the fort and remained in town through the final assault. Thomas Ricks Lindley, Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions (Lanham, Maryland: Republic of Texas Press, 2003). It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. According to Segun, Alexandro de la Garza was also sent from the Alamo, although the date is unknown. Its rattlesnake season in Texas. It does not store any personal data. He was at the Alamo when Santa Anna's army arrived, but he was sent out as a courier. The Mexicans fought desperately until daylight, when seven only of the garrison were found alive. The Alamos garrison relied on single-shot flintlock muskets, rifles, and pistols for defense in 1836. Historians believe that The war Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The newly elected officials of the Republic of Texas left Washington on March 17, 1836 and headed up river to Groces Plantation where Houston had established his camp. We have set your language to (AP Photo/Tim Johnson). https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/tejanos-and-the-siege-and-battle-of-the-alamo. 2 Were the Texans outnumbered in the Alamo? In 1960s The Alamo, Jim Bowie used a seven-barrel pepperbox rifle. Timothy Matovina and Jess F. de la Teja, eds., Recollections of a Tejano Life: Antonio Menchaca in Texas History (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013). operated by Alamo Trust, Inc., a Texas non-profit WebOn the morning of March 6, 1836, General Santa Anna recaptured the Alamo, ending the 13-day siege. Dr. R. Bruce Winders, Former Alamo Director of History and Curator. On March 6, 1836, after 13 days of intermittent fighting, the Battle of the Alamo comes to a gruesome end, capping off a pivotal moment in the Texas Revolution. Members of the committee of public safety issued a circular addressed To the People of Texas that conveyed the news from Thomas Gay that he had just received information by Col. William T. Austin of the fall of the Alamo, and massacre of our countrymen in that garrison. As further confirmation, Gay wrote John Seguin gives the same information. The committee hoped the news would stir their fellow citizens into action.[10]. [7]Jenkins, ed.,PTR, Sam Houston to James Collinsworth, Camp at Navadad, March 15, 1836, 5:82:84; Santa Anna to Citizens [of Texas], 5:2021. At least one scholar also includes Guadalupe Rodrguez among the Alamo fallen on the basis of his apparent entry into the fort with Seguns group, but Rodrguezs name did not appear on any muster rolls or other documentation following the battle. Anonymous {{ relativeTimeResolver(1557515081208) }} LIVE Nequate omnihilitate netur asimpor iaspelestin pliquibusda sametur reped moluptatem erit. Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. His letter is important because it is one of the earliest known examples of news of the Alamos fall being forwarded to the United States. [2]Other Mexican officers recorded their feeling about the days events in their journals, which initially remained private. As the afternoon turned to evening, the Texans led columns of Mexican prisoners into camp, but there was no sign of Santa Anna. Houston had three horses shot out from under him and had his left ankle shattered by a musket ball. [16]It is possible that the description of Crocketts execution arose to highlight Santa Annas brutality, not as a slight against the famous frontiersman-turned-congressman as late twentieth century critics have inferred. [9]Jenkins, ed.,PTR,B. Defenders | The Alamo By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. James Bowie and David Crockett are among the slain the first was murdered in his bed, to which he had been confined by illness the latter fell, fighting like a tiger. However, just a few sentences later after declaring the Crockett died fighting like a tiger, theSunsprovided contradictory evidence regarding his death. Mexican forces were victorious in recapturing the fort, and nearly all of the roughly 200 Texan defendersincluding frontiersman Davy Crockettdied. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Is there Delhi quota in Lady Hardinge Medical College? We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. Others have referred to Jos Angel Navarro, who served in 1835 and was Jos Antonios older brother and father to Juana Navarro Alsbury and Gertrudis Navarro, as the political chief. Renewed interest in the battle after the Civil War sent a new wave of reporters looking for survivors to add their tales to the story, an effort that brought both clarification and controversy. On this field, on this spring afternoon, the fate of the place known as Texas would be determined. Gray also included a list the men believed killed at the Alamo at the end of Joes account. Among the enemy slain were Bowie, Travis, and Crockett. The general promised them his protection before presenting his prisoners to Santa Anna. These men, who opposed Santa Annas return, took matters into their own hands and refused to allow the ship to sail, setting off a chain of events that delayed his return to Mexico until January 1837. WebA depiction of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna by artist Gary Zaboly. The painting by William H. Huddle, "The Surrender of Santa Anna," depicting the morning of April 27, 1836, is shown Thursday, April 18, 2002, in Austin, Texas. It was important because at the end of the battle Mexicans won, but the Texans declared independence from Mexico. Most accounts date from the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century and were provided by individuals of a very advanced age. The first to know what happened at the Alamo on March 6, 1836, were the Mexican soldiers, survivors, and townspeople who participated in or witnessed the battle. Tejanos participated in the siege and final assault on the Mexican side as well. ", The Mexican camp erupted into chaos, with some soldiers scrambling for their weapons, others trying to shelter themselves behind large trees. Jim Bowie is said to have been the last Texan alive at the Alamo. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. He numbered his losses at 70 killed and 300 wounded. F. Gray, 134. WebThey were among seven Tejanos who died defending the Alamo on March 6,1836. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston led a weary and angry group of soldiers and Texas patriots to a great military victory. Re-enactors playing the parts of members of the Texian Army, charge toward the Mexican encampment during the Battle of San Jacinto on the grounds of the San Jacinto Battleground, Saturday, April 16, 2011, in Houston, as hundreds of history reenactors recreate the events leading up to and including the Battle of San Jacinto. The story of the Alamo conformed to this old pattern of gathering and disseminating news.
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