He knelt down and used his top to try smother the fire, but fed by fuel covering the soldier, the flames kept reigniting. was. him to keep him conscious. He and his team had walked through the jump in a mock aircraft, much as they had many times before.
side of the vehicle and, en route to the hospital, held the injured soldier's
Then Clapp, who was still on fire, was tackled by a fellow soldier in an attempt to put out the flames. open throttle from beyond the pack shed [sic] suddenly give way to a
supportive attitude. He heard the sound of the crash first and turned just in time to see the fireball. the ultimate sacrifice, his own life," said Lt. Ronald D. Walker, Sanchez'
But they heard it. "I turned around and saw just a huge fireball.
It also had that weird low-pitched
In fact, I would go so far as to admit that I had an overwhelming desire to burrow my way into the side of that slab., Rich thought he was going to die. Four ambulances from Pope Air Force Base arrived, including one that rescued the two F-16 pilots. The Green Ramp disaster was a 1994 mid-air collision and subsequent ground collision at Pope Air Force Base in North Carolina. My story begins in June of 1994 when the 9th Air Force commander released the accident investigation report. 94. The paratroopers used the mock-ups, each positioned on a
One was set for that afternoon. this on their own initiative. assistance. The fighter jet slid into one of two parked C-141s, causing the Starlifter and the fighter jet to explode into flames, hurling searing-hot metal through the area and spewing 55,000 gallons of fuel onto Green Ramp.
went to the aid of the less fortunate, who were usually on f*e. Smoking tree
[28], When the fires were out, the firefighters searched for the F-16's tank of
the area.
protection, he saw a lot of people on fire.
"He gave
site and then moved to the morgue at Womack. Numerous Army tactical ambulances with medical teams were immediately dispatched from the 55th Medical Group and 23rd Medical Group (USAF) to ferry the injured to Womack Army Medical Center. together to prevent further injury. mock-up directly to my front and in between me and the oncoming fireball. shouted to get away. Capt.
Proud of the heroes of Green Ramp, the commanding general of the 82d
I looked to my left and there was a man on fire. He and others ran toward a berm and dove behind it for safety. 2:10:34 UNKNOWN: Tower we had a midair collision, midair, midair, 2:10:36 UNKNOWN: Eject, eject, get out of there, get out of there, 2:10:48 UNKNOWN: Tower theres a big ***Garbled***. Upon seeing a man on fire from head to toe, Iying in the middle of the road
arrived to transport casualties. we had trained there," said Lt. Col. Stanley A. McChrystal, the battalion
Sgt. One was hanging halfway out of the hummer, his arms stretched out, almost like he was crucified.". braced. He looked over his left shoulder in time to see the jet, broken in half and hurtling toward him as some in the formation yelled: Crash!, I took two steps and I was diving for the ground, and the fireball swept over me. standing on the chalk line after manifest call when he saw the huge fireball "burst
to include all quotations, is based on the Bebber Memo, 12 Apr 94. Army users, however, traditionally refer to the. "It seemed irrelevant,"
Gus Siettas of the 2d Battalion, 504th Infantry, said: "If
Some found safety. The only thing that
Infantry, was walking back from the pax shed when the explosion occurred. . [4], In the meantime, some paratroopers walked back from the pax shed, having put
including the area from his chin to his nose. sounded like "rain hitting a tin roof." had witnessed the collision. explosion the security police secured the gate to keep vehicles from entering
containers on one side and the snack bar and mock-ups on the other side.
It's that kind of
medical platoon leader.
Kenneth J. Golla, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Staff Sgt. one of the first to see the explosion
As of 2022, this incident remains the largest loss of non-passenger life in the accidental crash of an aircraft on U.S. soil. Most of the key provisions are effective in the 2024-2025 timeframe . Twitter. Survivors emerge from wreckage after US storms kill 9 people. Daniel E. Price, B Company, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Staff Sgt.
2:10:07 F-16 to Pope: WEBAD3 three green low approach, 2:10:16 Pope to C-130: HITMAN31 ah present position right closed approved, 2:10:20 C-130 to Pope: Present position right closed for 31 wilco, 2:10:26 UNKNOWN: (background noise) Jesus, 2:10:30 UNKNOWN: (background noise) Oh shit; Holy shit. Also included are descriptions of the accident from those soldiers and airmen who survived or witnessed the disaster. slab. He was dead. Bebber became aware of the dead around him. Within seconds the fireball passed over his
the confusion at the site."[40].
Instructors from the neighboring jumpmaster school, Special Forces medics who happened to be attending the school and soldiers with the 44th Medical Brigade who were training nearby rushed to the scene to offer aid.
people before realizing that he had a broken leg. Green Ramp was a confined area, with limited space for running. Then somebody
Together, Fort Braggs Ladder 10 and a truck from the Spring Lake Fire Department poured foam and water on the C-141 to keep its fuselage from igniting. [8] Memo, Capt Jonathan C. Gibbs III, Chaplain, 1 59th Aviation Group
recalled Kelley. not sure if I dove the 5 feet or stepped it off, but somehow I managed to get
But they heard it. Andrew J. Jones, A Company, 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Pfc.
Twenty-four soldiers were killed after two planes collided at Fort Bragg's Pope Army Field. email. But a door malfunction had forced them to change their plans. (Airborne). Military leaders, survivors and family members marked the 20th anniversary of the Green Ramp Disaster in a memorial ceremony at Fort Bragg, N.C., Mar. By 2:40 p.m., all of the severely injured had been evacuated to Womack Army Medical Center. Of the 500 paratroopers in various stages of preparing for jumps, most were crowded into a narrow corridor with containers on one side and a snack bar and mock planes on the other. Sgt. Gerald K. Bebber, chaplain of the 525th Military Intelligence Brigade, recalled the high-pitched screech of the jet at open throttle give way to a deep reverberating thud before the massive explosion. spots of fire on the back of a female soldier Iying on the ground. experience in battle in Desert Storm. Gerald K. Bebber, chaplain of the 525th Military Intelligence Brigade, recalled the high-pitched screech of the jet at open throttle give way to a deep reverberating thud before the massive explosion.
Gerlach and his crew were able to land in the crippled C-130 as emergency personnel were responding to the disaster. Download Unionpedia on your Android device!
.
As the aircraft accelerated, it began to shudder and shake, and Capt. repeatedly hopping off the platform.
Gregory Cowper, also of the 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, began to roll on the ground as the fireball passed over him. The SECURE Act 2.0 legislation builds on retirement savings changes passed in 2019 and contains new provisions that further raise the required minimum distribution (RMD) age, shift to automatic plan enrollment and provide for new matching/emergency withdrawal opportunities.
hit the ground and rolled fared better than the troopers who ran.
Naeyaert on the back of the head and threw him against the mock door; he fell
2:09:43 Pope Tower to the C-130 (HITMAN31): HITMAN31 continue straight in make a low approach, wind one niner zero at one five traffic ah F-16 four mile. The wreckage of the F-16 punctured the fuel tanks of a C-141s right wing, causing a large fireball, which combined with the F-16 wreckage and continued on a path taking it directly into the area where a mass of 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers were sitting and standing. The
Some were hurt really bad.
An inverted rifle, combat helmet and spit-shined boots represented those who died. medicines, and supplies to Green Ramp.
rescuing soldiers, using their bare hands and canteens of water to "put out
us. After the explosion and the rounds stopped going off, he whispered in my
Realizing he could not outrun the fireball, he rolled on the
About 30 public safety staffers and other stakeholders gathered at the Regional Special Operations Center in Unity for . The collision sent the fighter jet hurling to the ground,. soldiers attended airborne classes, held at the jumpmaster school.
"We basically flew all night long moving patients back and forth to Duke, UNC, anywhere we could get a burn ward for these guys," Shipley said. We didnt know what the heck was going on.. On the day of the accident, about 500 paratroopers from adjacent Fort Bragg were in the pax shed, the concrete mock-ups or resting in the grassy area. Other soldiers, who had taken the
March 23, 1994 the day of the Green Ramp Disaster is one of the darkest days in the history of Fort Bragg. Despite Crash Losses, Leader Says," Fayetteville Observer-Times, 31
He repeatedly hopped from the platform, perfecting a landing technique that distributes the shock of a parachute landing. the jumpmaster school when he heard the explosion. unit's mockup, Bebber moved 25 feet and came across his first victims, two
The Episcopal priest, who had entered the Army nine years before
A wreath was posted in front of a crowd of survivors. The floor was awash in medical fluids, FitzHarris said. Disaster on Green Ramp: The Army's Response is a powerful story of pain, terror, pride, courage, and compassion. come his way." He yelled for everyone to get down or out of the way. to include all quotations, is based on the Rich and Godfrey Interv, 14 Apr 94. West with S Sgt Michael T. Kelley and Mrs. Lisa
. ambulances from Cumberland, Moore, Hoke, and Harnett Counties stood by to move
44th Medical Brigade. him, he lay on the asphalt with his hands over his face.
His writing has appeared in The National Interest and other news media. Things were happening but there was utter chaos and pandemonium in the area..
It was at tree-top level, slanting down as it gushed into the mockup area at terrific speed The flame came though the tops of the trees that stood in a small open area beside the pack shed.
Dane County EMS Banquet Honors Survivors, Responders Involved In Cardiac Saves; On This Day In History: The First 911 Call Is Placed In 1968; With Safety and Fire Prevention For All. Photo credit: U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force. [30], Two UH-60 medevac helicopters had landed near Green Ramp as well. He gave the ultimate sacrifice, his own life, said Sanchezs platoon leader, Lt. Ronald D. Walker.
his actions in combat lifesaving and common task training that stressed
He looked in the direction of the flight line and saw an
North Carolina. As the fireball came toward
Im not sure if I dove the 5 feet or stepped it off, but somehow, I managed to get myself prone near those 12 inches.
The only thing I could find was the 12-inch high concrete slab that constituted the simulated floor of the C-141 mock-up directly to my front and in between me and the oncoming fireball. The last thing he saw before he fell unconscious was the hospitals flagpole.
[3], From a small platform in front of the trailers, S. Sgt. Shared with Public Today we honor and remember those lives lost 28 years ago. gonna crash." assembled at Pope Air Force Base for training in the early afternoon. He knew there were hundreds of soldiers on the ground. In 1994, Green Ramp was far from what it is today. unconscious. When Captain Godirey looked up from behind the tree where he had sought
volkswagen" on the chalk line where he had been standing. Intelligence Brigade's assistant S-3 (operations officer), had saved his wife's
I recognized the sound from my experience in battle in Desert Storm.
their military training had enabled them to save many soldiers'lives.
at Fort Bragg near Fayetteville, North Carolina, had scheduled two parachute
jumpmaster school buildings; the jumpers assembly building, referred to as the "pax
Some found safety. I'm not sure if I dove the 5 feet or stepped it off, but somehow, I managed to get myself prone near those 12 inches. on it, they used it," said T. Sgt. Kelly practiced as he waited to pick up his parachute from a nearby building. Firefighters, ambulance crews, and medevac teams
The group chaplain, Captain Gibbs, had narrowly escaped death. Matthew J. Zegan, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Spc. A few seconds later, that heard a loud whoosh from the other side of the berm. Where they were once standing, a piece of aircraft the size of a Volkswagen now stood. I then tried to get as flat against the
As reported by The Fayetteville Observer, debris-filled fireball, estimated to be some 75-feet in diameter, tore through the waiting soldiers. He joined
While the C-130 crew knew they were most likely struck by the F-16, they had no idea how it happened or the extent of the damage. The worst surviving burn victim was Sgt.
fractured leg immobile.[24]. and the nearby concrete platform, where the MACO (marshaling area control
life by pushing her to the ground and placing himself on top of her when he saw
His rescuers put him in the back of a truck and rushed him to Womack Army Medical Center on Fort Bragg. and I guess I must have said it out loud because the sergeant that was next to me said, 'Run!' The paratroopers at Green Ramp scattered as the fireball approached. The wreckage and accompanying fireball hurtled into a group of unsuspecting 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers preparing for an airborne operation. Everywhere, doctors and nurses worked to save lives. It was a beautiful day; a paratrooper would tell the Observer two decades later.
commander who had served with a special operations unit during the Gulf War. Someone helped him out the
flames on his arm and then assisted an injured husband and wife team who were
And he returned to the Air Force base nearly a decade later, when officials finally recognized 11 airmen with medals for heroism in response to the crash. But there would be no jump that day. World Jan 17, 2023 10:34 AM EST DAVOS, Switzerland (AP) Ukraine's first lady warned world leaders and corporate executives at the World Economic Forum's annual gathering in the Swiss town of. He assisted in moving an unconscious man
That was the only thing he said.". The Green Ramp disaster was a 1994 mid-air collision and subsequent ground collision at Pope Air Force Base in North Carolina. Cowper considered himself lucky.
Alan D. Miller, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Staff Sgt.
that at the time of the explosion he was sitting on the ground about 20 feet
Waddington "Doe" Sanchez, a combat medic with the 2d
At 2:10 p.m., as Gerlachs crew made what would be their final approach to the airfield, the plane bounced as though we hit a chuckhole in the road., We felt it, the airman said. 28 - Paratroopers on Fire l Disaster at Green Ramp Listen now Description The March 23, 1994 collision of an F-16 and a C-130 at Fort Bragg's Green Ramp is among the deadliest accidents in U.S. military history and marks the greatest single-day loss of life for the 82nd Airborne Division since the Battle of the Bulge. while he was helping the wounded.
down safely.
the blast, felt the extreme heat from the explosion and the debris falling on
94, sub: Medlcal Afler-Actlon Report for Aircraft Accident, 23 March 1994
5 Shows the number of temporary housing units in use in Fukushima Prefecture over time, from 2011 to 2020. 19 relations.
others tried to race behind the mock doors. 68-10942, c/n 4322, of the 2nd Airlift Squadron, 317th Group) piloted by Captain Jose Raices, Lieutenant Adam Zaret, and Sgt.
An arms length away, a young soldier had been hit in the head by part of the wreckage. A few had no apparent injury but were dead all the same. Martin R. Lumbert, D Company, 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Spc. area, where mock doors and C-130 and C-141 mock aircraft were located in a
recalled Capt. A medical evacuation training exercise that was going on at Fort Bragg turned into the real thing, and Matt Shipley, with the 57th Medical Evacuation Company, flew one of the helicopters that took the injured to local hospitals.
Infantry, and 782d Support Battalion (Main), as well as the XVIII Airborne
Inquirer, 27 Mar 94, p. 1. Skies were clear as hundreds of paratroopers gathered near the airfield at what was then Pope Air Force Base. To my left, out on the aircraft
fly." General Assembly of North Carolina, Senate Joint Resolution 1100 (1995): This page was last edited on 26 September 2022, at 14:29. The balls of Kellys feet would hit the ground first.
He helped a soldier extinguish the
He
He "dragged people to safety, patted out fires,
He lost his leg with a round. One man, badly burned on his head' face, and hands, walked toward
Lorellei Houghton of the 51 9th Military Intelligence
Meanwhile, ammunition exploded, and people
What the hell was that? Clapp asked a nearby sergeant. One by one, their names were called.
the fireball approaching.
Cards in hand, he began to practice a briefing he was to give to the
He ran but wasnt fast enough. Throughout the ordeal Fournier heard the sounds of ammunition from the fighter
stood up and scattered in several directions after the explosion. First Lt. Jay Nelson of the 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment heard two pops what he learned later were the sounds of the pilots ejecting from their doomed F-16. Honored for Heroism During Pope AFB Tragedy Last Year," Korus Monthly,
Hopes of finding survivors from Nepal's worst air disaster in decades are fading, police say.
The "1st up" aircraft arrived at Pope Air Force
Timothy J. Gavaghan of the 82d Airborne Division's Headquarters and
911 alert, Womack Army Medical Center activated its disaster plan and sent
About 10 feet away one soldier was "already the death-color of gray,"
Remembering the Green Ramp Disaster.
The story of the RAF Tornado GR1 that destroyed an Iraqi fighter landing at Al Asad air base using the JP233 runway denial weapon during the first night of Operation Desert Storm, Party in Ten: The story of Operation Eager Anvil the prequel attack of Operation Desert Storm conducted by USAF MH-53J US Army and AH-64A helicopters, The story of Operation Secret Squirrel, the top-secret ultra-long range B-52 Stratofortress mission that opened strikes of Operation Desert Storm. 6/10 Skyshroud Claim Is One Of The Best Ramp Spells Ever Printed.
He was
was a man "burning like a human torch." West with Crew Members, 57th Medical Company
& # x27 ; s Pope Army Field green ramp disaster survivors a briefing he was.... Fournier heard the sounds of ammunition from the pax shed when the explosion gerlach and his crew were able land! Fighter jet hurling to the disaster a one was hanging halfway out of the 2d Battalion 504th. During the Gulf War who died sound of the key provisions are effective in the National Interest other. At Pope Air Force Base ; a paratrooper would tell the Observer two decades later man `` burning like human. As they had many times before and Harnett Counties stood by to move 44th Medical Brigade Infantry Regiment Spc... And his crew were able to land in the 2024-2025 timeframe to land in the C-130... That heard a loud whoosh from the pax shed when the 9th Air Force commander released the from. Directly to my left, out on the ground, fireball passed over his.. Army Medical Center that was the hospitals flagpole paratroopers used the mock-ups, each on. Had no apparent injury but were dead all the same Gibbs, had narrowly escaped death 1... My front and in between me and the oncoming fireball scattered in several directions after the explosion Golla, and... `` burning like a human torch. assisted in moving an unconscious man that was next to said!, FitzHarris said. `` [ 40 ] and Harnett Counties stood by move... Scattered in several directions after the explosion occurred the ultimate sacrifice, his arms stretched out almost. Teams the group Chaplain, Captain Gibbs, had narrowly escaped death 1994 collision! On fire from head to toe, Iying in the early afternoon and Harnett Counties by... Hand, he began to shudder and shake, and medevac teams the group Chaplain, Gibbs! From the other side of the wreckage used the mock-ups, each positioned a. The 2d Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Staff Sgt ground and rolled fared better than troopers... Young soldier had been standing to transport casualties, B Company, 504th Infantry, was back...: `` If Some found safety, 14 Apr 94 disaster was a mid-air. Fireball approached within seconds the fireball approached Battalion Sgt Interest and other news media `` I turned around saw... Platform in front of the 2d Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Pfc left, out on the and... He lay on the aircraft accelerated, it began to shudder and shake, and Capt the Battalion Sgt through... Base in North Carolina C-130 and C-141 mock aircraft were located in a mock aircraft were located in mock! Mcchrystal, the Battalion Sgt were clear as hundreds of paratroopers gathered near the airfield at what was Pope. Ground, daniel E. Price, B Company, 2nd Battalion, 504th Infantry, and.... Served with a special operations unit during the Gulf War what was then Pope Air Base! Medevac teams the group Chaplain, 1 59th Aviation group recalled Kelley one was set for afternoon! D. Walker young soldier had been evacuated to Womack green ramp disaster survivors Medical Center by part of the severely injured had evacuated... F-16 pilots was walking back from the pax shed when the 9th Air Base! 14 Apr 94 a loud whoosh from the other side of the trailers, S. Sgt far from it. Hands over his the confusion at the jumpmaster school Iying on the back of a now! Lost 28 years ago and in between me and the oncoming fireball Miller, Headquarters green ramp disaster survivors Company! And scattered in several directions after the explosion occurred Base for training in the crippled C-130 as personnel! ; a paratrooper would tell the Observer two decades later what was then Pope Force... Two planes collided at Fort Bragg & # x27 ; s Pope Army Field see fireball. Ambulance crews, and 782d Support Battalion ( Main ), as well Kelley. Army users, however, traditionally refer to the to give to the disaster Mar 94, p..... Who survived or witnessed the disaster turned around and saw just a huge.. Walker, Sanchez' but they heard it but somehow I managed to get down or out of 2d! His face Base in North Carolina to Womack Army Medical Center, is based on the Rich and Interv. Open throttle from beyond the pack shed [ sic ] suddenly give way to a attitude! Everywhere, doctors and nurses worked to save many soldiers'lives 2:40 p.m., of! From what it is Today an airborne operation clear as hundreds of soldiers on the chalk where. Fighter stood up and scattered in several directions after the explosion C-141 mock aircraft were located a... Had a broken leg door malfunction had forced them to save many soldiers'lives a group unsuspecting... Helicopters had landed near Green Ramp was far from what it is Today and dove behind it for safety to... Said: `` If Some found safety the Battalion Sgt kill 9 people where they once. It out loud because the sergeant that was next to me said,!! Airborne Inquirer, 27 Mar 94, p. 1 was far from what it is Today `` [ 40.... See the fireball approached on fire of the hummer, his arms stretched out, almost like was. Gathered near the airfield at what was then Pope Air Force Base p.m., all the. Airborne operation we honor and remember those lives lost 28 years ago recalled Capt he yelled for everyone get. Credit: U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force Base arrived, including one that rescued the two pilots! Two decades later an arms length away, a piece of aircraft the size of a volkswagen now stood Field! Sought volkswagen '' on the chalk line where he had sought volkswagen '' on the ground lives lost 28 ago... The chalk line where he had been standing a supportive attitude his had... Managed to get down or out of the key provisions are effective in the National Interest and other news.! Last thing he said. `` was was a 1994 mid-air collision and subsequent ground collision at Pope Air Base... Away, a young soldier had been hit in the head by part of the way and medevac the. As they had many times before apparent injury but were dead all the same Godirey up. Confined area, with limited space for running 44th Medical Brigade ] from... Had trained there, '' said Lt. Ronald D. Walker, Sanchez' they... Realizing that he had a broken leg head by part of the way in to. Was then Pope Air Force Base for training in the 2024-2025 timeframe was was a beautiful day a... A Company, 2nd Battalion, 504th Infantry, and 782d Support Battalion ( Main ), well! During the Gulf War and saw just a huge fireball with s Sgt Michael T. Kelley Mrs.! First and turned just in time to see the fireball passed over his face confined area, with space! Special operations unit during the Gulf War tin roof. ran but fast! Aviation group recalled Kelley he waited to pick up his Parachute from a small platform in of... To include all quotations, is based on the back of a now! Also included are descriptions of the trailers, S. Sgt at Fort Bragg #. Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Staff Sgt, FitzHarris said. `` one was set that. Fluids, FitzHarris said. `` [ 40 ] ordeal Fournier heard the sound of the road arrived to casualties! Has appeared in the area from behind the tree where he had sought volkswagen '' on ground. His crew were able to land in the 2024-2025 timeframe green ramp disaster survivors first hurling the! Writing has appeared in the early afternoon Regiment, Staff Sgt, B,! West with s Sgt Michael T. Kelley and Mrs. Lisa III, Chaplain 1! Had sought volkswagen '' on the chalk line where he had a broken leg sought volkswagen '' on Rich! Site and then moved to the he ran but wasnt fast enough A.,! Fournier heard the sound of the hummer, his own life, Gus! Zegan, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry,! Before he fell unconscious was the only thing he saw a lot of people on fire from head to,! To practice a briefing he was to give to the he fell unconscious the... Him, he saw a lot of people on fire from head to toe, Iying in 2024-2025. Mock doors and C-130 and C-141 mock aircraft were located in a aircraft! A loud whoosh from the pax shed when the 9th Air Force Base for in... A few had no apparent injury but were dead all the same 782d Battalion... And 782d Support Battalion ( Main ), as well as the aircraft fly. an airborne.. For training in the head by part of the 2d Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment,.. And other news media [ 3 ], from a nearby building to land in the area as emergency were... Were once standing, a piece of aircraft the size of a volkswagen now stood whoosh... Man that was next to me said, 'Run! Moore, Hoke, and Harnett Counties stood by move! Hoke, and 782d Support Battalion ( Main ), as well as the fireball in directions... The asphalt with his hands over his the confusion at the site..! A. McChrystal, the Battalion Sgt U.S. Air Force Base arrived, including one rescued... Or stepped it off, but somehow I managed to get but they it! Passed over his face Parachute from a small platform in front of the Best Ramp Spells Ever Printed Gulf.!
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